Tutorial de gcc pdf

Gdb can step through your source code line-by-line or even instruction by instruction. You may also watch the value of any variable at run-time. In additon, it also helps to identify the place and the reason making the program crash. All program to be debugged in gdb must be compiled by gcc with the option "-g" turning on.

Continue with the "garbage" example, if we want to debug the program "garbage", we can simply start gdb by: gdb. This will certainly give you a lot of problems in the future and the solution is build a cross-compiler.

If you have already attempted to make an operating system without using a cross-compiler, please read the article Why do I need a Cross Compiler? The newest GCC is recommended as it is the latest and greatest release. For instance, you may run into trouble if you use GCC 4. If you are not using the latest major GCC release for your system compiler, we recommend that you build the newest GCC as your system compiler.

You can also use older releases as they are usually reasonably good. If your local system compiler isn't too terribly old at least GCC 4. For instance, GCC 4. However, if you want to use the latest and greatest GCC version for your cross-compiler, we recommend that you bootstrap the newest GCC as your system compiler first.

Individuals using OS X Users with We recommend that you use the latest and greatest Binutils release. Note, however, that not all combinations of GCC and Binutils work. If you run into trouble, use a Binutils that was released at roughly the same time as your desired compiler version. You probably need at least Binutils 2. It doesn't matter what Binutils version you have installed on your current operating system. You can find out the binutils version for example by this command:.

You should already know this. If you are following the Bare Bones tutorial, you wish to build a cross-compiler for ielf. You need the following in order to build GCC:. You need to have Texinfo installed to build Binutils. For instance, you can install libgmp3-dev on Debian by running the shell command: sudo apt install libgmp3-dev. Note: Version 5. You can check your current version using makeinfo --version. If your version is too new and you encounter problems during the build, you will need to either use Binutils 2.

Note: Version 0. Use version 0. Note: The versioning scheme used is that each fullstop separates a full number, i. Binutils 2. This may be confusing, if you have not encountered this quite common versioning scheme yet, when looking at an alphanumerically sorted list of tarballs: The file at the bottom of the list is not the latest version!

An easy way of getting the latest version is to sort by the last modified date and scrolling to the bottom. Your distribution may ship its own patched GCC and Binutils that is customized to work on your particular Linux distribution.

You should be able to build a working cross-compiler using the above source code, but you might not be able to build a new system compiler for your current Linux distribution. In that case, try a newer GCC release or get the patched source code. Gentoo offers crossdev to set up a cross-development toolchain:. It is targeted at programmers who are enthusiastic about high performance computer graphics, and are willing to put some work in.

If you are more interested in game development, rather than computer graphics, then you may wish to stick to OpenGL or Direct3D, which will not be deprecated in favor of Vulkan anytime soon.

Another alternative is to use an engine like Unreal Engine or Unity , which will be able to use Vulkan while exposing a much higher level API to you. This tutorial will not assume knowledge of OpenGL or Direct3D concepts, but it does require you to know the basics of 3D computer graphics. It will not explain the math behind perspective projection, for example.

See this online book for a great introduction of computer graphics concepts. Some other great computer graphics resources are:. There is also an alternative version of this tutorial available for Rust developers. To make it easier to follow along for developers using other programming languages, and to get some experience with the base API we'll be using the original C API to work with Vulkan.

We'll start with an overview of how Vulkan works and the work we'll have to do to get the first triangle on the screen. The purpose of all the smaller steps will make more sense after you've understood their basic role in the whole picture. For a basic program this works well but as programs become more complex our compilation command can also become more complex.

This is where a Makefile comes in, makefiles allow us to write out a fairly complex set of rules for how to compile a program and then simply compile it by typing make on the command line.

For instance here is a possible example Makefile for the hello wold example above. Lets make a basic Makefile and save it to our system in the same directory as our source code named Makefile.

Note that this file needs to be named Makefile, however the capitol M is optional. That said it is relatively standard to use a capitol M.

Note that there is exactly one tab before the gcc command on the second line this is important in makefiles. Once this Makefile is written every time the user types make in the same directory as the Makefile make will check to see if source. Depending on the project you may want to introduce some variables to your make file. Here is an example Makefile with variables present. Now lets explore what happened here. In the first line we declared a variable named CFLAGS that holds several common flags you may wish to pass to the compiler, note that you can store as many flags as you like in this variable.

Then we have the same line as before telling make to check source. This is the syntax for telling Make to expand the variable out to what you typed before.

Make clean is another useful concept to learn about make files.